The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. OP>$O '@n#}  C 1. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. 80 0 obj <> endobj _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson 50 0 obj Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. This is an example of which rule of attraction? Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. /Type/Page This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. (p.47) /Prev 679084 At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". <>stream All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. I hope you did enjoy it. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Marco is using an example of. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. Sandy was using_______ processing. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. Christopher D. Green The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. (Boulding, 1969) Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. /Contents 58 0 R The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. How Much They Learned From the Experiment. 0000001035 00000 n <> /ImageB Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). 4. Results and Conclusions - Festinger-Carlsmith Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. endstream endobj startxref Dr. Nekita Fuller The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. endstream He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. 3. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. }. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. ] Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? & KING, B.T. endobj In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. correct. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Vince's behavior is an example of. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. Social Researcher. Or is there something more nuanced at play? endobj Cite details from the essay that support your response. endobj These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Introducing Cram Folders! /ImageI Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). endobj The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. 0000011828 00000 n If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. anything important? When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. Cognitive Dissonance Theory After 70 Years | Psychology Today The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . /T 679093 Festinger, L. (1957). The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? %%EOF At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. 1959. << We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. startxref Some have already been discussed. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. <> Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . /N 8 The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. /L 680077 In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. These are: 1. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. Their prediction provedcorrect. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). 60 0 obj You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). 48 0 obj In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. 4. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so ---------------------References: Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. << After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. Don't see what you need? What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? 4. Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. Add to folder in order to reduce dissonance. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. << Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). Classics in the History of Psychology -- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking
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